Zonisamide

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{{Drugbox||IUPAC_name = 1,2-benzisoxazole-3-methanesulfonamide| image = Zonisamide.svg| CAS_number=68291-97-4| ATC_prefix=N03| ATC_suffix=AX15| ATC_supplemental=| PubChem=5734| DrugBank=APRD00004| C = 8 | H = 8 | N = 2 | O = 3 | S = 1| molecular_weight = 212.227 g/mol| melting_point = 162| bioavailability= ?| protein_bound = 40%| metabolism = Hepatics, 63 hours in [Blood plasma| excretion = Renal [anticonvulsant approved for use as an Wiktionary:adjunct therapy in adults with seizures. It was discovered by researchers at (formerly ), who launched it in 1989 as Excegran in Japan.{{cite web| author=Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd.| year=2005 | title=Company History | work=Company Information| publisher=Dainippon Sumitomo Co., Ltd. | url=http://www.ds-pharma.co.jp/english/profile/history.html| accessmonthday=12 November | accessyear=2005--> It was marketed by Élan in the United States starting in 2000 as Zonegran, before Élan transferred their interests in zonisamide to in 2004.{{cite web] makes the Excemide brand, sold in-->

Uses Epilepsy Zonisamide is approved in the United States,{{cite web| author = Élan Pharmaceuticals Inc | year = 2003 | url = http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2003/20789scm001_zonegran_lbl.pdf| title = NDA 20-789/S-001; Zonegran (zonisamide) Capsules 25, 50, 100 mg FDA Approvable Labeling Text - August 22 2003| format = PDF | work = Zonisamide Approval History| publisher = Food and Drug Administration | accessdate = 2005-11-13--> United Kingdom,{{cite web| author=Eisai Ltd. | year=2005 | title=Zonegran Summary of Product Characteristics | work=electronic Medicines Compendium | publisher=Medicines.org.uk | accessdate = 2005-11-13 | url=http://emc.medicines.org.uk/--> for adjunctive treatment of partial seizures in adults and in Japan for both adjunctive and monotherapy for partial seizures (simple, complex, secondarily generalized), generalized (tonic, tonic-clonic (grand mal), and atypical absence) and combined seizures.{{cite web | author = Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | year = 2004 | url = http://www.e-search.ne.jp/~jpr/PDF/DAINIP03.PDF | title = EXCEGRAN Tablets 100 mg & EXCEGRAN Powder 20% (English) | accessdate = 2006-03-13--> Parkinson's An open trial (medical) on zonisamide in seven Parkinson's disease patients had positive results, according to this 2001 report. | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=11755227&dopt=ExternalLink--> Since then, it has been reported to treat the resting [tremor that other therapies may leave behind.--> By early November of 2005, Dainippon Sumitomo had filed a [New drug application for the use of zonisamide in Parkinson's disease; it is to be marketed as Tremode.{{cite web | author=Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd. | year=2005 | title=New Drugs in the R&D Pipeline (under development by DSP) | format = PDF | work=List of Product Development Project | url=http://www.ds-pharma.co.jp/english/rd/item.html | accessdate = 2005-11-21-->

Obesity It has also been studied for obesity | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=12684361&dopt=ExternalLink--> with significant positive effects on body weight and there are three ongoing clinical trials for this indication.

Migraines Zonisamide has been studied for and used as a migraine preventative medication, and has also been shown to be effective in some cases of neuropathic pain. It has also been used by psychiatrists as a mood stabilizer. | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=15140322&dopt=ExternalLink-->

Metabolism Zonisamide is metabolized mostly by the CYP3A4 isoenzyme, but also CYP3A7 and CYP3A5,--> to 2-(sulphamoylacetyl)-phenol via reductive [bond cleavage of the 1,2-[benzisoxazole ring.-->

Mechanism of action The exact mechanism of action is not known for zonisamide. According to Leppik, while zonisamide may be a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor like acetazolamide, this is not one of the primary mechanisms of action, which might be blocking repetitive firing of sodium ion channels and reduction of voltage-dependent calcium channel currents, | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=15511691&dopt=ExternalLink--> or by binding [allosterically to [GABA receptors like the [benzodiazepines and [muscimol,-->,--> or increasing the levels of the [glutamate [transport protein in the [brain while decreasing the amount of GABA transport protein, in other words, inhibiting the uptake of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA while enhancing the uptake of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=12941455&dopt=ExternalLink-->

Side effects The most common side effects include drowsiness, loss of appetite, dizziness, headache, nausea, and agitation/irritability.

Interactions Zonisamide and other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as topiramate, furosemide, and hydrochlorothiazide have been known to interfere with amobarbital, which has led to inadequate anesthetization during the Wada test.

Additionally, the metabolism of zonisamide is inhibited by ketoconazole, ciclosporin, miconazole, fluconazole and carbamazepine in descending order. | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=9626925&dopt=ExternalLink-->

References and end notes External links

Official Zonegran Website
Dainippon Sumitomo Prescribing Information for Excegran (Japanese version)
Official Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Website (English version)

Official Zonegran Website
Dainippon Sumitomo Prescribing Information for Excegran (Japanese version)
Official Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Website (English version)

Zonisamide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Zonisamide is a sulfonamide anticonvulsant approved for use as an adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures.

MedlinePlus Drug Information: Zonisamide
Information for consumers including proper use, precautions, and storage recommendations.

Zonisamide ( Zonegran ) and the dopaminergic system
Effects of zonisamide on dopaminergic system by Okada M, Kaneko S, Hirano T, Mizuno K, Kondo T, Otani K, Fukushima Y. Department of Neuropsychiatry,

Zonisamide
Zonisamide. Zonisamide - Medicine Guide. ... Zonisamide is the generic name for this medicine. It is available as the following brands.

zonisamide - definition of zonisamide in the Medical dictionary - by ...
Zonegran. Pharmacologic class: Sulfonamide. Therapeutic class: Anticonvulsant. Pregnancy risk category C

Scottish NHS watchdog approves zonisamide for partial seizures ...
The Scottish Medicines Consortium has approved use of the anti-epileptic drug (AED) zonisamide (Zonegran) in the National Health Service (NHS) in Scotland to treat adults with ...

Zonegran (zonisamide)
Zonegran capsules contain the active ingredient zonisamide, which is a medicine that is used to treat epilepsy. It works by stabilising electrical activity in the brain.

zonisamide .com
Source: American Academy of Neurology Date: January 3, 2007 Drug Improves Tremors, Involuntary Movements In Parkinson Patients A drug used to treat epilepsy has been found to ...

Zonegran (Zonisamide) drug description - FDA approved labeling for ...
Find Zonegran (Zonisamide) medication description and FDA approved drug information including side effects, interactions and patient labeling.

Zonisamide add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy
Chadwick DW, Marson AG. Zonisamide add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2000, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD001416. DOI: 10.1002/14651858 ...